Ancient History
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any present
state. Its monuments, such as the Giza pyramid complex is constructed by its
ancient civilization, the most advanced civilization of its time [4].
Modern History
Egyptian
Republic was declared on 18 June 1953, with Muhammad Naguib as the first
President. Gamal Abdel Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956 and after
his death, he was succeeded by Anwar Sadat in 1970. Sadat switched Egypt's Cold
War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States in 1972. After Sadat’s
visit to Israel in 1977, a peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from
Sinai took place in 1979. Hosni Mubarak took power after the assassination of
Sadat [5]. Mubarak announced a reform of the presidential election law on 2005 so
that multi-candidate can run for office for the first time. However, the new
law employed restrictions on the candidates, and led to his easy reelection
victory.